Story Of Henry Box Brown - 1662 Words

story of Henry â€Å"Box† Brown. A slave from Virginia, Henry managed to escape in a sealed shipping container heading north to an abolitionist safe house Philadelphia. There is also the case of Samuel Burris, a free black man in Delaware involved in the trade, who was caught aiding runaway slaves. As punishment in his state, he would be auctioned back off into slavery. Fortunately for Burris, one of his white associates impersonated a buyer at the auction to technically win back his freedom (Underground Railroad – Whisper†¦). While many unrecorded successful attempts have been undoubtedly lost to history, the ones that survived highlight the intelligence and craftiness of both the slaves and their allies. However, there were great risks. While the northern Untied States was a popular destination for many runaways, it was not the only one. Until the early 1820’s when Spain ceded Florida to the United States, many slaves would take the southern passage to the sunshine state. With the Spanish occupation force primarily focused on developing military outpost, there was a need for military troops. In exchange for freedom, the blacks would have to pledge their loyalty to the Spanish crown. The â€Å"Spanish governor Diego de Quiroga y Losada welcomed them and refused to return them to their English owners, maintaining that they were religious refugees and even offering to buy them† (White 77). In 1693, the Spanish King Charles II â€Å"issued a royal proclamation granting liberty to allShow MoreRelatedA Farewell To Arms And The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1392 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† by Ernest Hemingway and the short story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, ther e are distinct similarities and differences in the setting and symbolism used throughout. In order to see what the authors are trying to say, from time to time, you have to look deeper into the facts in the writing and analyze. Both of these stories are extremely stimulating, while still being heartbreaking. The styles that these stories have make you as a reader see things differently in your ownRead MoreThe Gift of the Magi1271 Words   |  6 Pages The story explained how important it is to be willing to sacrifice for the one that you love. No matter what the circumstance, if a person can unselfishly give of themselves for another, they can experience life in a whole new way. Many people give what is not important to them and makes no difference. I think the term â€Å"it’s the thought that counts† has been used to justify just giving anything to a person without actually put your heart and soul into the gift you are giving. O. Henry usesRead MoreThe Undergrou nd Railroad Was Not Only A Significant Part Of Our Nation s History1611 Words   |  7 Pagesthe journey of slaves from the south towards freedom and promise that was held up North (Gara, 34). Still was also a witness to the day Henry â€Å"Box† Brown was delivered (from slavery into the possibility and hope of freedom) (Gara, 36)! Henry â€Å"Box† Brown had literally mailed himself in a crate via the Adams’ Express Company with the help of white abolitionists. Henry was tired of living in slavery and decided to make an incredibly brave decision when he shipped himself as cargo, from Virginia in 1849Read MoreThe Gift of the Magi: Narritive Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Magi The Gift of the Magi is a short story that was written by William Sydney Porter, better known by his pseudonym O. Henry in 1906. O. Henry was a prolific author penning many short stories beginning in 1899 until his death in 1910. O. Henry is famous for his trademark surprise endings which he called â€Å"snapper† endings (Clugston, 2010) and for his rich use of symbolism and irony. The story The Gift of the Magi follows the story of a young couple who are madly in love but sufferingRead MoreThe Life Of Harriet Tubman And Frederick Douglass1224 Words   |  5 Pageshis fiance. Frederick then changed his name from Bailey to Douglass. He was finally a freeman. This is when Douglass became a follower of the American Anti-Slavery Society and eventually a big part of it. As he traveled, he gave lectures about his story of how he escaped slavery and he encouraged many people to help the abolitionist movement. Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass were different in so many w ays yet they were both able to contribute tremensly to the on going cause of the UndergroundRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Kindred 1477 Words   |  6 Pagesthe novel Kindred, it shows a woman, named Dana, going back into the past to be part of the slave society and helping out a friend from the past. Since Dana is a black lady, she is forced to work and is treated like a normal slave is treated. As the story progresses, Dana sees how the world is messed up because of racism and how people treat each other. This novel brings to live the historical reality of American slavery by putting a character into the society of slaves and letting her find out howRead MoreLiterary Elements In The Gift Of The Magi2148 Words   |  9 Pagesto elevate the story. â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† by O. Henry and â€Å"The Necklace† by Guy de Maupassant, both use many literary elements to give their writing more depth. â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† uses irony throughout the story when Della and her husband, Jim, both do not have enough money to buy each other gifts for Christmas. â€Å"The Necklace† uses a lot of detail to show what Madame (Mme.) Loisel dreams of at the beginning of the short story. â€Å"The Necklace† is one of the many short stories that use literaryRead More Edward Theodore Gein - Americas Most Infamous Murderer Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pagesin their conclusion of his insanity. 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Qianlong Book Review Essay - 1167 Words

Michael Nico Emperor Qianlong, Son of Heaven, Man of the world What the book covers Mark C Elliott’s book Emperor Qianlong Son of Heaven, Man of the World is a short biography about Hongli. Hongli was the fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor and the favorite of his father and grandfather and was born in 1711. In the beginning it describes how he rose up in rank as a son through his father who introduced him to the current emperor Kangxi, his grandfather. The first chapter gives us the story of what Hongli was like as a child and how he won the favor of the Emperor. The book follows Hongli all the time from his birth from a low ranking palace consort right up to the end of his life even after he technically gave up his title as†¦show more content†¦There are many examples of this with samples of these poems by Qianlong himself throughout the book and pictures of himself, mostly in a propaganda style though. The book gives a great short explanation of how Qianlong ruled the nation and how he lived in his home life. It details his wives and how muc h he liked them and what he did with them on their many travels together across the Chinese countryside. It goes into detail how much Qianlong was affected by the death of his first wife and how it might have had an affect on how he ruled from thereon. It shows that he was a loving person to his family and he treated his parents with as much respect and care for as he could give. There are descriptions of how Qianlong would go about his daily schedule and how hard it was to be in his position. It stresses how tough this job would be considering the events going on inside the nation and foreign threats. It covers his military campaigning and how he saw himself as a great warlord and giving himself the title â€Å"old man of ten perfect victories†. Elliott doesn’t go into extreme detail of each battle or conflict but it does mention all the major ones, especially the ones that Qianlong was most proud of. His international scene is covered very well. It describes h ow he went about his interactions with all the people that bordered china and those that came from afar. There are descriptions of how he interacted with the many religions of his nation beingShow MoreRelatedVermeer s Hat : The Seventeenth Century And The Dawn Of The Global World2142 Words   |  9 PagesBook Review: Vermeer’s Hat: The Seventeenth Century and The Dawn of The Global World—What Made China Trade and Globalization Progression Declining from the View of Overseas Trade [Yuyao Cheng: #250764575] Presented to the course Economics 2199G taught by Professor Adam Bohnet in the term of spring 2015 King s University College at Western University Book Review: Vermeer’s Hat: The Seventeenth century and the dawn of the global world—what made China trade and globalization progression

Change Management Business World and Globalization

Question: Describe about the Change Management for Business World and Globalization. Answer: Introduction In the present business world, globalisation has changed the entire way in which business is carried out. Business organisations are now competing on a global scale and it has become very difficult for them to achieve market competencies on the basis of processes or materialistic resources as they can be replicated in real time. Further, business organisations have become vulnerable to so many different internal and external environmental factors, such as technology, economic, social, legal, political, etc., which can change in real time. As a result, it has become very important for business organisations to change along with the changing market trends and environmental factors if they have to sustain in this tough market competition. Changing with the changing trends has become so imperative that millions of stagnant companies (organisations that did not change their processes or work practices) have lost all their market shares to the competitors. Therefore, bringing about regular changes is crucial to sustain in the business world. Introducing changes in business organisations is easier said than done. It is a natural tendency of humans to resistance changes in their regular routine and as a result, a lot of resistance is offered by the employees to change programs, which managements of business organisations introduce. In this assignment, we will discuss a number of change management theories that have been suggested by some pioneer in the subject. We will also discuss the role that the management has to play in the successful implementation of a change program. Change Management Theories There have been a number of theories that have been suggested by pioneers in change management subject, which can help business organisations in planning and successfully implementing a change program in the workplace. The theories can differ from each other and have their own pros and cons for different situations. Let us now discuss some of the important change management that are found in academic literatures: Kurt lewins theory: The subject of change management is incomplete without the mention of Kurt Lewins change theory in it. One of the pioneers in the subject, Kurt Lewin, proposed a change management theory, which is also famous by the name of freezing unfreezing or the 3-stage model of change theory. Kurt Lewins model developed this model in which he proposed three stages unfreezing, changing and refreezing. The basic objective behind the three stages is that first of all, the management needs to create urgency and spread a message that a change is required. The second stage consists or bringing about a planned change in the processes or the work operations and the third stage, or the final stage, consists of reinforcing the right behaviour or the changes that have been successfully achieved. Even though the model was proposed in the early 1940s, the model is still valid today and is one of the most widely used models in the business world. Some experts argue that change is constant and it should not be started or stopped with some steps but the success stories in the past few years have something different to say. Even in the past few years, the model suggested by Kurt Lewin has been widely used in the health care industry to bring about needful and important changes successful ly (Burnes, 2004). The organisations that have been able to achieve success in change implementation as a result of the change model suggested by Kurt Lewin believe that the model still holds its validity as it relates to the psychology of the humans and their behaviour related to change programs, which will always be the same, irrespective of the decades. The prosci adkar model: The Prosci ADKAR model is a change management model that is goal oriented and guides individual as well as organisational change. The change model was developed by Prosci founder Jeff Hiatt. In the models name, ADKAR is an acronym that represents five different outcomes i.e. awareness, desire, knowledge, ability and reinforcement. The model is an efficient approach to plan and manage a change program prior to its implementation and also during the execution of the change program. In the awareness stage, the model suggests that the management should create an understanding in the organisation that a change is required and convey the reasons why bringing about a change is necessary. Then the management should create a desire in the minds of the workforce that they should support the change. Here, effective leading and influencing can come in handy. Third, the management should provide knowledge to the people so that they can understand how to change and what they are expected to do. Fourth, the management will have to provide the employees with the ability or the skills that would allow them to incorporate the changes that are being introduced in the organisation (Cameron and Green, 2004). Lastly, the organisations should reinforce the changes that have been successfully implemented by appreciating and rewarding the people who promote and accept the change. ADKAR model has a high validity in the present times as it offers an approach that can help in the identi fication and evaluation of reasons because of which change implementation fails or results are not obtained. It allows companies to break the change program into small achievable parts and also considers the program from business point of view as well as people point of view (Hiatt, 2006). Kotters change management theory: Another famous change management theory was proposed by Kotter and the theory is famous by the name of Kotters 8-step change model. In this theory, John P. Kotter proposed eight steps that can be used to bring about a change. Each of the eight stages is associated with a key principle that is associated with the response of people to change. The first stage is to create urgency among the people so that they can be motivated to move forward. The second stage in the model to build a team that consists of right people with the right qualities to promote a change. The third stage consists of setting clear mission and vision statements that will convey the strategy of the company. The fourth stage consists of clearly communicating the entire change management program to the employees. The fifth stage in the model suggests that the management should try to remove the obstacles that might cause a failure in the implementation of the change management program. The sixth stage consists of creating short term wins or short term objectives so that the management can analyse the progress once an objectives is achieved. The seventh step suggests that the management should not declare success too early and should continue to build on the changes that have been successfully implemented. The eighth or the last step consists of reinforci ng the changes in the corporate culture by celebrating the success, sharing success stories and recognizing rewarding those members who have helped in promoting the change program. This process is beneficial as it is easy to follow and incorporate while it also allows a management to accept the change and prepare for it. On the other hand, this process can be very time consuming and being a step model, it becomes very important to execute all steps if success has to be achieved (Kotter, 1997). Bridges transition model: The model was developed by William Bridge, a famous change consultant. One of the greatest plus point of this model is that it lays a greater stress on transition rather than talking about change at all points of time. The model focuses on three stages, which are discussed below: Ending, losing and letting go when people become aware about an upcoming change, they enter the first stage that is marked with resistance and discomfort. People feel that they are approaching an end and they should start to accept new beginnings. The neutral zone this is the stage where there is a bit of chaos, uncertainty, impatience and confusion. In this stage, there exists a bridge and the people try to cross over the bridge i.e. from their old practices to their new practices. This is a crucial stage and can even result in increase in innovation, renewal and a burst of creativity. The new beginning once the neutral stage passes, the next stage is the new beginning where acceptance and energy starts to come in the picture. During this stage, people start to accept the change and understand the importance of undergoing a transition from old position to a new position (Tilson, Luecking and Donovan, 1994). Role Of Management And Leadership In Introducing Change As discussed till now, bringing about change in business organisation is imperative and is also one of the most difficult things to achieve. The resistance to change programs offered by the employees have sometimes resulted in the failure of companies due to loss of efficiency, trust and productivity. In almost all the cases, change programs have failed due to the inefficiency of the management in promoting a change properly (Cameron and Green, 2004). Management and leadership have the most important role to play in bringing about a change (Gill, 2002). Their role in change management is discussed below: Communicate the management and the leaders have to communicate the change properly to the stakeholders as a lack in communication can increase the resistance and break the trust. Prepare the management and the leaders have to prepare the employees for accepting the change and undergoing the required training and development programs that would help in bringing about a change. Remove obstacles the management and the leaders of the organisation are also required to analyse, identify and remove any obstacles that they think will cause the change program to fail. Liaison the management and the leaders have to go hand in hand support each other so that they can further support the stakeholders in accepting the change by gaining a better understanding about the change. Reinforce another important role that the management and the leaders have to fulfil is to reinforce the changes achieved by rewarding and appreciating the people who have helped in bringing about a change and those have accepted it by making a transition from old work practices to new work practices (Prosci.com, 2016). Conclusion It is a common saying that the only thing that remains constant is change. The statement is completely true as the way in which technological, social, legal and economic trends are changing, some companies are forced to bring about changes in their workplace in real time. Those that can bring about the required changes can survive in the market while those who sit and watch have already gone out of the competition and the market. The management of change programs is important and one of the most difficult tasks for each and every business organisations. Those organisations that have introduced changes just for the sake of giving it a try and also lacked properly knowledge or a plan in their minds have lost their entire market shares to the competitors, which shows how important it has become to have properly planned change management programs. On the other hands, there are a millions of companies that have used some of the above change management theories and have brought about changes, which in turn helped them in becoming the leaders in the industries in which they were operating. There are a lot of change management theories available for business organisations to consider and each one of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, business organisations should carefully analyse their needs, their mission and vision and then chose a suitable change management model that has the ability to sat isfy their needs and increase the chances of success of their change management programs. References Burnes, B. (2004). Kurt Lewin and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-appraisal. Journal of Management Studies, 41(6), pp.977-1002. Cameron, E. and Green, M. (2004). Making sense of change management. 1st ed. London: Kogan Page. Chenhall, R. and Langfield-Smith, K. (1998). Factors influencing the role of management accounting in the development of performance measures within organizational change programs. Management Accounting Research, 9(4), pp.361-386. Gill, R. (2002). Change management--or change leadership?. Journal of Change Management, 3(4), pp.307-318. Hiatt, J. (2006). ADKAR. 1st ed. Loveland, Colorado: Prosci Learning Center Publications. Kotter, J. (1997). Leading change: A conversation with John P. Kotter. Strategy Leadership, 25(1), pp.18-23. Prosci.com. (2016). 5 Tips for Managing Resistance to Change | Prosci. [online] Available at: https://www.prosci.com/change-management/thought-leadership-library/managing-resistance-to-change [Accessed 6 Dec. 2016]. Tilson, G., Luecking, R. and Donovan, M. (1994). Involving Employers in Transition: The Bridges Model. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 17(1), pp.77-89.

Race & Education (Comparing Short Stories) Essays - Friendship, Lat

Race & Education (Comparing Short Stories) Race and Education The two children portrayed in the short stories ?The Circuit? by Francisco Jimenez and ?Doby's Gone? by Ann Petry are at a disadvantage because of their races when it comes to forming friendships, overcoming obstacles, and preserving their childhood. While these two stories focus on one character, the difficulties that these children endure plague entire communities and groups of people. In the stories, both children are from minority backgrounds. The young boy in ?The Circuit? is a member of a migrant family and is forced to change schools and move often while Sue, the little girl in ?Doby's Gone,? is African American and is ridiculed because of her race. This causes them to feel like outsiders, making it difficult for them to form concrete relationships. Judging from the way her classmates hurl insults such as ?nigger girl,? ?her legs are black,? and ?how do you comb that kind of hair(401), it is obvious that it is a struggle for Sue to fit in and form friendships. Sue has a stronger relationship with her imaginary friend Doby than she has with any children in her class. It is not so obvious in ?The Circuit? that the boy doesn't make friends with his peers; however, instead of playing with the other children during lunch he spends time in the classroom of his teacher, his ?best friend at school,?(262). Because he is Hispanic and new at the school it would be a chal lenge for him to make friends with the other students because his family is constantly packing ?everything into cardboard boxes?(257) and moving again. Unlike this boy though, in ?Doby's Gone,? Sue eventually makes friends with two of her classmates despite racial issues. Part of the reason Sue forms the friendships with the two other children is that she begins to fight back against her tormenters. She lashes out against the children who are yelling and teasing her. By ?slapping and kicking?, ?tearing at clothing?, and ?scratching, biting, and kicking?with such passion and energy that the space around her cleared,?(402) she overcomes the feelings of inferiority and inadequacy brought on by the mocking. In ?The Circuit?, the boy has to overcome the conflict between his family's lifestyle and his desire for an education. His parents fulfill this desire, but only when they don't need him to work. The boy does not want to keep moving, continuing the cycle of ?starting the sixth grade for the first time that year,?(261) implying that it was not the first time he had been forced to cut his education short because of the need to relocate. Both children are forced to rise above difficulties when trying to receive their education. By dealing with the trials involved in forming relationships and receiving an education, the children are forced to become more adult-like. They both gain the independence needed to overcome those tribulations. Throughout ?The Circuit?, the young boy proves his independent nature by working, going to school by himself, and depending on himself. At school, he is the one who goes to the office to enroll and makes the effort to ask his teacher for help with reading. In contrast, Sue doesn't become independent until she fights the children who tease her. She finds strength within herself and forms relationships with the two children who befriend her. She doesn't need Doby's presence any longer; she will stick up for herself. It is necessary for the two characters to mature, and they find inner strength to depend on when faced with challenges. By analyzing the children's experiences, we find that all these aspects of the stories are related to race and education. The children find it difficult to form relationships, have to overcome challenges, and find inner strength. These issues do not affect these characters alone, but anyone who is looked down upon or has had to struggle because of differences. In the end though, there is the hope for change because the children make friends, rise above adversity, and discover maturity and independence. Social Issues

Free Essays on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

The Origins of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy was devised in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Albert Ellis, Ph.D. in New York and by Aaron Beck, M.D. in Philadelphia. Although they worked independently of each other, both Ellis and Beck had grown dissatisfied with the traditional Freudian psychoanalytic therapies. Though both of these men trained with Freud, they believed that peoples’ conscious beliefs and thought processes were very important in understanding how people became depressed, anxious, or disturbed. Freudian psychoanalytic theory, on the other hand, tended to de-emphasize conscious thought. By the late 1950s, advances in behavioral science and experimental psychology had raised questions of the main assumptions of psychoanalysis, and new theories of the human mind were being introduced. â€Å"There are actually several kinds of Cognitive-Behavioral therapies (spelled behavioural in British English), employing the same general premise: in contrast to the psychodynamic emphasis on insight into unconscious motivation, the cognitive-behavioral therapies emphasize the ability of people to make changes in their lives without having to understand why the change occurs.† (Richmond, 2001) The Theory behind Cognitive Behavior Therapy By 1962, research into human emotion found that people’s thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions regarding events were important in guiding emotional experience (Carson, B.M. 2000). For example, important research showed that people labeled their physiological arousal according to the environmental situation they perceived. Experiments demonstrated that the physical effects of adrenaline could be labeled as fear, anger, or giddiness, depending on the person’s assumptions and thoughts about their situation. Because people's thoughts had such powerful effects on their emotional experience and emotional behavior, scientists were forced to devise new theories to account for th... Free Essays on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Free Essays on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy The Origins of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy was devised in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Albert Ellis, Ph.D. in New York and by Aaron Beck, M.D. in Philadelphia. Although they worked independently of each other, both Ellis and Beck had grown dissatisfied with the traditional Freudian psychoanalytic therapies. Though both of these men trained with Freud, they believed that peoples’ conscious beliefs and thought processes were very important in understanding how people became depressed, anxious, or disturbed. Freudian psychoanalytic theory, on the other hand, tended to de-emphasize conscious thought. By the late 1950s, advances in behavioral science and experimental psychology had raised questions of the main assumptions of psychoanalysis, and new theories of the human mind were being introduced. â€Å"There are actually several kinds of Cognitive-Behavioral therapies (spelled behavioural in British English), employing the same general premise: in contrast to the psychodynamic emphasis on insight into unconscious motivation, the cognitive-behavioral therapies emphasize the ability of people to make changes in their lives without having to understand why the change occurs.† (Richmond, 2001) The Theory behind Cognitive Behavior Therapy By 1962, research into human emotion found that people’s thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions regarding events were important in guiding emotional experience (Carson, B.M. 2000). For example, important research showed that people labeled their physiological arousal according to the environmental situation they perceived. Experiments demonstrated that the physical effects of adrenaline could be labeled as fear, anger, or giddiness, depending on the person’s assumptions and thoughts about their situation. Because people's thoughts had such powerful effects on their emotional experience and emotional behavior, scientists were forced to devise new theories to account for th...

Civil Rights vs. Anti-Apartheid essays

Civil Rights vs. Anti-Apartheid essays One definition of equality states that it is an agreement in value, rank, properties, and rights. As simple as this concept might seem to those who have grown up in a world where equality is a standard of living, it has not always been that easy for certain races, mainly Africans. Dating back as far as four hundred years ago when blacks came to America as slaves, this race has endured an ongoing struggle for freedom in a white man's world. The motivation for this race to fight back first came in America during the late eighteen hundred's when the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments were added to the Constitution during the Reconstruction Era. These Amendments were the first sign of hope that African Americans would receive justice and be recognized as a legitimate and equal race. Africans not only endured struggles in America, ironically, they faced the same issues in their native country, South Africa. White supremacy and segregation had been accepted in South Af rica prior to 1948, but apartheid was officially added to the South African government after the Afrikaner Nationalist party took office. The purpose of apartheid was to separate all races from each other. This government stated that the "whites, as the civilized race, were entitled to have absolute control over the state." Africans in both of these counties fought back against all odds to gain the respect that they deserved through both the Civil Rights Movement and the Anti-Apartheid Movement. ...

Intro to religious studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intro to religious studies - Essay Example He gave himself the biggest position within his new found movement labeling himself; Pastor, Reverend, Prophet and Founder. His strict leadership style and disciplinary record set him apart from those who aspired to head the movement after his death in Nigeria, 1985 (Adogame). Celestial Church of Christ has continued to develop since the death of its founder Oshoffa. His death created an avenue for severe setbacks relating to the issues of succession especially after the demise of his successor Alexander Obiodun Adebayor Bada in 8th September 2000. Philip Honsu Ajose succeeded Bada, but a dispute came up after his death in March 2001. Son of Oshoffa, Reverend Emmanuel Oshoffa was caught up in a dispute with Gilbert Oluwatosin Jesse over succession. Jesse later passed away, and his faction supported Paul Suru Maforikan as their spiritual leader. Celestial Church of Christ was formally recognized and authorized in the year 1965 in Dahomey (now known as Benin). The movement recruited many followers in 1976 after kick-starting an evangelistic campaign in areas of French West Africa. CCC has embraced the use of technology, importantly the internet enabling them to be constantly in contact with their African-Diaspora branches. They have successfully linked Nige ria where the movement is most popular with countries such as France, Germany, United Kingdom, Austria, and the USA (Adogame). The Olowun religion is mainly found in the central parts of Africa among small groups of the society mainly found in the deep forests of Central Africa, the founder is unknown since Olowun does not have sacred texts. It is quite similar to most religions that surround this area mainly the West-Africa vodun. Worshippers of the Olowun religion carry out ancestral worship and believe that spirits of those who passed away live among us. These spirits are referred to as washins, and

Episcopal and Presbyterian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Episcopal and Presbyterian - Essay Example Furthermore, we find women not allowed for teachers, and yet allowed to speak in the church as prophets: now, these being debarred speaking in their natural capacity, because teaching implies an act of authority, that privilege being reserved to the men, shews they had a right to it in the Christian church without prophetical inspiration, otherwise there was nothing at all in this case debarred to the woman. Moreover, the general directions given by the Spirit, in the Epistles to Timothy and Titus, concerning the appointment of bishops and deacons, elders or ministers, running all upon moral qualifications, the common Graces of the Spirit, and good instruction in the Scripture, did, then, as well as for ages succeeding, lay a foundation for the ministry of teaching without the special gift of prophesying. An appropriate Catholic response would appear to include the following elements, which flow from a fundamental belief in the dignity of each individual human being and the imperative to seek the universal common good in solidarity with the poorest, the weakest, the oppressed and the marginalized: * a recognition of the reality of sin and evil in the world and the duty of Christians to resist evils such as oppression, social and economic injustices, and genocide; * actively to seek to address the causes of grievances and conflicts in social, economic, and political inequalities which fail to treat every person and nation with appropriate dignity and respect; * the establishment of appropriate international institutions for the reconciliation of differences, with legitimacy and the authority to enforce compliance; * a recognition that an option for non-violence is as important an imperative for Christians as the option for the poor; * focus more than previously on alternatives to war, the need to promote social justice as an integral element in the following of Jesus, to fund peace education programs, and so forth; * the promotion of agreed and internationally regulated arms reduction; * in so far as armed responses to evils such as genocide are necessary, they should conform to the principles of the just war, and particularly proportionality and discrimination; * the need for this to be undertaken speedily and effectively by reformed international institutions with legitimacy and powers of enforcement; * the creation of a strong international civil society with a commitment to human dignity and rights; and * the promotion o

Case study snyder v phelps Essay Example for Free

Case study snyder v phelps Essay Snyder v. Phelps (2011) Fred Phelps, the pastor at the Westboro Church, along with his followers believes that God punishes the US for allowing homosexuality freedoms, especially within the military. To express their feelings the Westboro Church and its people sometimes picket military funerals in hopes that their voices will be heard. In 2006 Albert Snyders son who was a Lance Corporal for the United States Marine Corps was killed in the line of the duty during his time in Iraq. Matthew Snyder was killed in Anbar, Iraq when he was the gunner on a Humvee that ended up rolling after hitting something. The Westboro Church decided that they would picket Matthew Snyders funeral, notifying the sanction holding the funeral in advance what they planned on doing. When the Westboro Church and its followers arrived to picket this funeral they made sure to stage the picket on public land that was adjacent to a public street. Making sure that they didnt violate any written laws they also made sure to abide by anything that was appointed to them by the police taking care of the funeral. The Church members stood outside this church during the funeral reciting different hymns and verses from the Bible. Albert Snyder wasnt aware of what the signs said until after the whole funeral took place, claiming that he could really only see the tops and couldnt make out what they actually said. Following the funeral, Snyder noticed on the news that the signs some gruesome stuff such as, God Hates the USAI Thank God for 9/1 1, Thank God for Dead Soldiers, and Dont Pray for the USA. Snyder decided that he would then sue Fred Phelps, claiming that the picketing aused him and his family severe emotional distress. In his defense, Phelps argued that everything that took place that day was completely legal under the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution. The main issue that this case faced legally, was whether Westboros signs and comments while picketing Matthew Snyders funeral related to matters of public concern and in turn, decide whether there is too much protection under the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment. The Supreme Court made it clear that they were only going to determine this ruling ased on matters of public concern as opposed to matters of purely private significance. The Supreme Court affirmed that the picketing amounted to speech on issues that are public; they felt as if one of the main things that the First Amendment covers is the right to picket based upon public issues. The Court felt as if although the signs that were used may fall short of refined social or political commentary, the issues they highlight the political and moral conduct of th e United States and its citizens, the fate of our Nation, homosexuality in the military, and scandals involving he Catholic clergy are all matters of public import. Albert Snyder realized all of the protection under the First Amendment but he claimed in rebuttal that that picketing was intended to shape an attack on Snyder over a rather private matter. Although the Supreme Court realized that Snyder had a strong claim at the time because of the circumstances that were evident, at the same time they must also hold to the law which noted that Maryland did not have a law imposing any types of restrictions on standpoint, the Supreme Court decided that Fred Phelps and his followers were in all f their legal rights to picket that funeral. The Court expressed their acknowledgment of the picketing of a US Soldiers funeral and the idea that many Americans would feel as if the Westboro Church was morally defective, but it rejected those factors as means for any type of lawsuit that could be tendered to the church. Though a Jury ended up awarding the family of Lance Corporal Matthew Snyder millions of dollars, the US Supreme Court upheld the circuit courts dismissal of the verdict over unruly circumstances. Freedom of speech is something that is considered one of the reatest things available by both sides of the political lanes. Both Conservatives and Liberals strongly believe in freedom of speech, but it is Liberals that are more likely to take the realm of expressing themselves publically. Liberals take pride in the idea of the political left, which basically outlines their devotion to Americas First Amendment the right to free speech. Although it is usually Liberals that we see voicing their opinion publically, the Westboro Church is overall a Conservative group because of what they stand for. Most people including the media portray and roclaim that the Westboro Church is a Liberal party but when you dig deeper you start to notice that isnt really the case. The Westboro Church has many things in common with those that claim to be Conservative; both are against marriage equality, both are for the replacement of constitutional government with religious dogma of their particular form of Christianity, both are for the reduction of the rights of minorities and women, and both are for getting rid of reproductive rights and family planning. The case of Snyder v. Phelps places before us a choice where we ust decide between the ethical values of basic respect versus the legal right of the First Amendment, freedom of speech. From an ethical perspective, it is easy to decide this case based upon the ideas that we adopted over time that all in all became a social norm. The ethical value of respect at a funeral will easily make someone choose the side of Snyders in this case Just because over time we have established that funerals are meant to mourn and to pay respect to not only the fallen but also the family of that person. Although it may be interpreted that the reason that the Westboro Church chose to take action the way that they did was because it was necessary to get their point across, ethically it is frowned upon because of how we know funerals are supposed to take place. The Westboro Church had many options to establish the point that they were trying to get across such as the newspaper, TV, or the radio, but instead they chose to do it at a US Marines funeral which ended up working in their favor gaining them national recognition. Potter Stewart, a once US Justice wrote with regards to Ethics that, Ethics is knowing the difference between hat you have a right to do and what is right to do. This quote explains the complete ethical aspect of this case because it describes how legally, the Westboro Church had every right to do what they did that day but ethically they were in the wrong intruding on the privacy of a grieving family at a funeral service less than 300 feet away. While the Justices made it clear that they understood where Albert Snyder and his family were coming from, they also stood firm with the idea that the Westboro Church was practicing the First Amendment which allows the freedom of speech to he public. One of the Justices following the court case described the entire case as powerful. It can stir people to action, move them to tears of both Joy and sorrow, and as it did here inflict great pain. On the facts before us, we cannot react to that pain by punishing the speaker. As a nation we have chosen a different course to protect even hurtful speech on public issues to ensure that we do not stifle public debate. The problem that is now faced upon America after the ruling that the Westboro Church did nothing wrong is, how much is too much in regards to a few igns becoming too many? Would enough signs have changed the nature of the content of Westboros message towards the Snyder family? The effect of this case on the public is something that isnt necessarily brought up but it is evident in many places because you have to realize that the public mainly sees this as a case of a family being stripped of what they believe should be a quiet and peaceful funeral. With the ruling ending the way it does it has the public wondering how far the First Amendment freedom of speech can really get you and the fine print behind our US Constitution. Overall, the US Supreme Court case touches many aspects whether it is ethically, legally, politically, or socially. It is hard for most ethically driven people to accept the fact that the Westboro Church not only got no penalty for what they did at Matthew Snyders funeral, but they also received no further details about stopping the picketing of funerals. In regards to legal aspects, this case set in stone that the First Amendment freedom of speech allows for not only speech that is accepted ethically but any type of speech that strays away from a personal attack. In most of he publics opinion the Westboro Church was in the wrong that day for not allowing a grieving family time to privately mourn the loss of a family member but although what they did was frowned upon they stayed within their legal rights which forces the court to drop their case. Although Albert Snyder lost this case his family was awarded millions of dollars and they also received support of the majority of the public against the Westboro Church and their actions not only that day, but in the future. Snyder left the courtroom after the ruling with not complete satisfaction but rust that his point was spread across America which was to notify them of what the Westboro Church does and what they caused not only himself, but his family.

History Kennedy :: essays research papers

I. Kennedy and The Cold War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.The Election of 1960- As President Eisenhower's 2nd term drew to a close, a mood of restlessness arose among voters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.Kennedy and The Canidate-Kennedy intered the race with a well-organized campain, the backing of his large family, and a handsome look and charisma that appealed to voters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.Televised Debate- a milestone of the campain was the 1st televised debate ever between presidental canididates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.Kennedy and the King-Hearing of King's arrest, Kennedy called King's wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.Crisis of Cuba-The 1st test of Kennedy's foreign policy came 90 miles off the coast of Florida.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.The Cuban Dilemma-Castrode to power on the promise of democracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.The Bay of Pigs-1960, President Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train hundreds of Cuban exiles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.Cuban Missile Crisis-Castro had a powerful ally in Moscow - Soviet premier Nikita Kruskchev.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C.Tragedy 'n Dallas-No one could presee that a terrible national tradegy lay just ahead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.Four Days in November-Kennedy was shot in the head.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.Unanswered Questions-The Warren Commision concluded that Kennedy had been shot by Oswald. II.The Great Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.LBJ's Path to Power-His ambition and dive had become legendary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.From Texas Hills to Cap. Hill-LBJ grew up in Texas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.Joshson's Domestic Agenda-Americans began to solve national problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.War On Poverty-August 1964, Congress enacted the economic oppertunity act   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.1964 Election-LBJ won by a lanslide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C.Building The Great Society-In May 1964, Johnson had summed up the grand vision for america in a phase.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.Landmark Legislation-Johnson considered education the key to success. III.The Continuing Cold War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.The Election of 1945- As President Eisenhower's 2nd term drew to a close, a mood of restlessness arose among voters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.Kennedy and The Canidate-Kennedy intered the race with a well-organized campain, the backing of his large family, and a handsome look and charisma that appealed to voters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.Televised Debate- a milestone of the campain was the 1st televised debate ever between presidental canididates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.Kennedy and the King-Hearing of King's arrest, Kennedy called King's wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.Crisis of Cuba-The 1st test of Kennedy's foreign policy came 90 miles off the coast of Florida.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.The Cuban Dilemma-Castrode to power on the promise of democracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.The Bay of Pigs-1960, President Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train hundreds of Cuban exiles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.Cuban Missile Crisis-Castro had a powerful ally in Moscow - Soviet premier Nikita Kruskchev.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C.Tragedy 'n Dallas-No one could presee that a terrible national tradegy lay just ahead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.Four Days in November-Kennedy was shot in the head.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.Unanswered Questions-The Warren Commision concluded that Kennedy had been shot by Oswald. IV. The New Frontier   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.The Camelot Years- President JFK's inauguration set the tone for life a new era.

Fundamental Problems with the Catholic Church in 15th Century and How Martin Luther Faced Them

Question: What was Luther’s fundamental religious problem with the Catholic Church? Trace the development of this problem and why Luther solved it. Among the many problems Luther pointed out in the Catholic Church in his 95 theses, the one he had the most problem with was the issue of salvation and the selling of indulgencies. At the time, the doctrine of the church stated that those who did not receive a baptism would spend time in purgatory for their sins. The Church said that acceptance of Jesus took away the blame of the sin but did not clear the sins completely because of the fact that the people were sinners. This was significant because the church was selling indulgences. The Catholic Church once sold indulgences to people who would fight in the Holy Wars to be forgiven of their sins. However, this time, the Church sold indulgences to followers at a certain price so that buyers would be forgiven of past and future sins. According to Luther, this was nowhere to be found in the Holy Bible. Luther preached self morals and on the acceptance of Jesus and complete obedience as the true way to reach heaven as stated in the Bible. This influx of indulgence buying and selling by the people around Luther irritated him to no end. In his sermons he emphasized the true scriptures in the Bible and not doctrine according to the so called â€Å"Holy Church†. The Catholic Church was selling indulgences in an effort to raise money for St. Peters Basilica, which was under construction in the Vatican during this period. It would be a very costly project and therefore the Church needed a means to pay for it and their answer was to sell indulgences at a monetary price. This infuriated Luther because it advocated that people could literally buy their way into heaven without truly accepting Jesus as it states in the Bible. A man by the name of Johann Tetzel was selling the indulgences in Germany at Luther’s time and Luther pleaded to his followers not to buy them but to simply read the scriptures and accept Jesus. The sale of indulgences greatly upset Luther because he felt certain that people were eternally damning themselves by relying on the indulgences instead of the scripture. This drove Luther to write his 95 theses which blasted the Catholic Church from a variety of angles on its policies and the controversies surrounding the Church. Some of these included the sale of indulgences, the flaws and errors in the Church’s doctrine, and in some cases the ignorance by some members of the clergy to even read the scripture. In one case, Luther even inquired as to why the Pope insisted on paying for St. Peters Basilica through the poor people’s money instead of taking money out of his own pocket to pay for the new Church. Luther then nailed this list to a Church door in Germany, as was the tradition, on the day after Halloween. At first, Pope Leo X did not take Luther seriously calling him â€Å"a drunk friar†, however when Luther’s 95 theses began to spread around Germany like wild fire with the help of Gutenberg’s printing press the Church took notice. The 95 theses gained sympathy in Europe because many rulers were sick of the power over the Church over their provinces and used this as an excuse to break away from Catholic Church. Because of this, many new Protestant religions, such as antibaptism and Calvinism, began popping up as more people began to speak out against the church. The church’s own personal attempt to reform was largely unsuccessful and it simply pushed more converts in to Protestantism. At the Edict of Worms where Luther stood trial for heresy, Luther plead his case to the Church. The Church’s verdict however was that one man who has different views than the thousands of clergy men before Luther must be wrong. Luther was to be taken into custody, his books burned, and delivered to the Emperor. Luther, however, was able to escape and hid for brief period before he returned to Wittenberg to build a new Church. The Catholic Church’s unwillingness to reform and it’s continuance of its programs set the stage for the rest of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. Although Luther’s true intentions can only be speculated, most historians believe that at the Reformation’s onset he had not intended to break from the Catholic Church. In this area, he failed. He was not able to simply reform the Church from the inside and clean up its practices. Thus, Luther’s solution to this problem was unfortunately to split from the church along with millions of others and to change the Catholic Church forever.

Earthquake Shaker

Would earthquakes of similar magnitudes in different populated regions of the Earth cause approximately the same levels of damage? In your discussions, consider both geologic and human-induced factors. The amount of damage caused by an Earthquake does not solely depend on the magnitude of the Earthquake. Factors such as population, geographic location, soil type, and the type of building material commonly used for construction in a region determine the extent of damage caused. If an Earthquake strikes a densely populated region, then life loss and property damage will be high.If an Earthquake of a similar or even higher magnitude strikes a region with a relatively low population, then life loss and property damage will be lower. The 6. 4 Richter scale Earthquake (1993) in the State of Maharashtra, India and the 8. 3 Richter scale Earthquake (2006) in Kuril Islands, Japan are examples that come to mind. With stone houses and a population of over 2 million, the Earthquake in Latur left nearly 8,000 people dead and brought as many as 30,000 houses to the ground.In contrast, Kuril Islands, with a population of just 17,000 and better disaster preparedness mechanisms, was able to get away with no loss of human life ,despite the fact that the Earthquake was much higher in magnitude when compared to that of Latur. References: http://latur. nic. in/html/earthquake. htm http://www. drgeorgepc. com/Tsunami2006Kurils. html 2) How are faults, foci (plural of focus), and epicenters related? Faults that are experiencing no active creep (relatively consistent yet minor movements) may be considered â€Å"safe. Rebut or defend this statement with what you have learned so far about faults. The points in the lithosphere of Earth where fracturing originates are called foci. In other words, foci are the points at which energy-release takes place. Foci are also termed as hypocenters. Large fractures inside the Earth’s crust are called faults. Typically, news reports talk abou t epicenters when they are reporting an Earthquake. As large fractures inside Earth’s crust begin to shift, there is a release of energy inside Earth, right at the displacement (focus) point.An epicenter is nothing but the point on the surface of Earth that lies directly over the focus. It is not true that faults experiencing no active creep are safe. Fault creep refers to slow rock movement arising out of the application of constant stress over a prolonged period of time. A fault creep is a slippage that occurs alongside a fault. A fault creep may produce a small earthquake that can be detected through a seismometer. An active creep zone is one in which the most significant of displacements are likely to take place.Current absence of active creeps neither means that there is no fault creep at all, nor that there will not be any movement in future. A currently inactive fault could become active in future and cause an earthquake, so safe is not a term that one can always assoc iate with the absence of an active creep. 3) At one time it was thought that the deep-ocean trenches at subduction zones would be a good place for disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Why is this not a good idea?Explain what can happen at a subduction zone and what might occur if the waste were buried there. (Hint: see oceanic-continental convergence. ) Over the years, different options have been considered as suitable permanent repositories for disposing high-level radioactive waste. The intent has been to find a way of permanently isolating high-level nuclear waste from the environment used by humans. It is true that at one point in time, subduction zone trenches in deep oceans were a good option for disposing high-level radioactive waste.It was thought that sticky mud and clay at trenches in deep-open subduction zones could be ideal places to bury high-level radioactive waste. It was assumed that radioactive waste canisters deposited in such places would slowly leak, only to be bound by sticky mud and clay for several millions of years. It was expected that burying high-level radioactive waste inside a subduction zone of a deep-ocean would gradually carry waste into the mantle of Earth.Today however, this approach is not a matter of serious consideration because of the technical considerations that are in play, legal restrictions associated with Law of the Sea, and the fect that leakages could lead to widespread contamination. The fact that oceanic-continental convergence helps create geologic formations and sustain many active volcanoes of Earth mean that contamination can be a serious threat when considering the burial of high-level radioactive waste in subduction zone trenches of deep oceans.

Free Essays on Descriptive Essay

The life of a coffee addict is not an easy one. It is full of anxiousness and stress. I can only start my day after I’ve downed that first cup of Java. It’s the only way to survive. I wake up just early enough to throw on a pair of ratty old sweat pants and my favorite sweater, tattered from years of abuse. Fumbling with my sneakers, I hear a sharp snap as an unexplainable pain runs down the tip of my finger. My precious, perfectly manicured nail! There is no time to fix it. I can already feel the caffeine deficiency wreaking havoc on my brain. I must get to the corner coffee shop. As I open the door to the real world, I am hit by a sharp burst of cold air. Shivering, I pull my sweater even closer to my tired body and trudge on. I would much rather be sleeping in my warm cozy bed, but this is the only way I can survive the day. Tweet! Tweet! Tweet! The sound of those miserable, winged creatures is going to make my head burst. Each step is an increasing effort, but a necessary evil in order to obtain that single cup of dark liquid that will inevitably ease my pain and mark the beginning of the day. As I walk further away from my precious abode, the air bites furiously at my ears and nose. Quickening my step, I veer away from fellow coffee seekers, not yet ready to utter a good morning. The unmistakable scent of coffee is in the air. Knowing that I can’t be far, my steps quicken and my pulse begins to race. My lungs fill with the sweet assuring scent of fresh scones and muffins. I see the shop! Momentarily, my heart stops. Unable to contain myself, I let out a little â€Å"Yippee!† I reach for the door to heaven, and as I pull it open I’m hit with a burst of hot air entangled with the luscious scents of espresso and warm bakery delights. I feel a thud as my heart drops, and I notice the mile long line to the counter. Filled with anticipation, I join the throng and wait my turn. I listen to the pop... Free Essays on Descriptive Essay Free Essays on Descriptive Essay The life of a coffee addict is not an easy one. It is full of anxiousness and stress. I can only start my day after I’ve downed that first cup of Java. It’s the only way to survive. I wake up just early enough to throw on a pair of ratty old sweat pants and my favorite sweater, tattered from years of abuse. Fumbling with my sneakers, I hear a sharp snap as an unexplainable pain runs down the tip of my finger. My precious, perfectly manicured nail! There is no time to fix it. I can already feel the caffeine deficiency wreaking havoc on my brain. I must get to the corner coffee shop. As I open the door to the real world, I am hit by a sharp burst of cold air. Shivering, I pull my sweater even closer to my tired body and trudge on. I would much rather be sleeping in my warm cozy bed, but this is the only way I can survive the day. Tweet! Tweet! Tweet! The sound of those miserable, winged creatures is going to make my head burst. Each step is an increasing effort, but a necessary evil in order to obtain that single cup of dark liquid that will inevitably ease my pain and mark the beginning of the day. As I walk further away from my precious abode, the air bites furiously at my ears and nose. Quickening my step, I veer away from fellow coffee seekers, not yet ready to utter a good morning. The unmistakable scent of coffee is in the air. Knowing that I can’t be far, my steps quicken and my pulse begins to race. My lungs fill with the sweet assuring scent of fresh scones and muffins. I see the shop! Momentarily, my heart stops. Unable to contain myself, I let out a little â€Å"Yippee!† I reach for the door to heaven, and as I pull it open I’m hit with a burst of hot air entangled with the luscious scents of espresso and warm bakery delights. I feel a thud as my heart drops, and I notice the mile long line to the counter. Filled with anticipation, I join the throng and wait my turn. I listen to the pop...

5 ways to overcome Millennial stereotypes

5 ways to overcome Millennial stereotypes In the workplace, Millennials are often plagued by the stereotypes of being lazy and entitled know-it-alls. Many employers often complain of being unable to motivate Millennials to get the job done. Like all generalizations, this can be harmful to the truly diligent and ambitious workers out there. If you’re a millennial trying to prove your worth at the office, here are some tips for making your professional life a bit easier. Be humbleA little humility can go a long way as you ease into your new position. Or even as you try to reinvent yourself at your current position. Constantly displaying a willingness to learn, accept constructive criticism, and be a team player can change the way you are viewed. You might even find your coworkers and senior staff more willing to assist you and give you more responsibility. Don’t assume you know anything. Listen and observe keenly and always be willing to seek additional guidance if anything is unclear.Nobody likes a know-it-all, especially when they don’t know it all.Don’t expect overnight successThis goes hand-in-hand with being humble. Recognize that reaching big milestones often requires extended periods of focused work. Don’t expect your first project to be perfect with minimal effort. Don’t expect a promotion or pay raise after just a few months on the job. Even if you are incredibly talented, it may take time for those around you to recognize your skills. It may take even longer for you to earn their trust. Just do the work and trust the process.Refine your communication skillsThe way we communicate is one of the first things people notice. And Millennials have a reputation for preferring emojis over real words and using modern slang in place of business language. Take care to refine your written and verbal communications so you can present the most polished version of yourself. For written communications, this can mean diligently proofreading your emails for grammar and cl arity. If it’s allowed, you could even download an app like Grammarly to help you catch mistakes. Aim to make your verbal communications concise, free from verbal tics and slang.Ask good questionsBuilding on the previous topic, learning how to ask good questions can make all the difference for your work experience. Asking thoughtful and relevant questions can help you better gather the information you need to get your job done well and set you apart from your peers. But remember, asking good questions starts with paying attention and listening. Be present. Be observant.Be self-awareSelf-awareness is a crucial aspect of success in life in general, not just for Millennials. Knowing who you are, what you want, and your flaws will go a long way in optimizing your self-regulation. Don’t be afraid the spend time alone, writing down your feelings and aspirations and examining the potential obstacles to achieving your goals. Consistent reflection can help you to learn more fro m each experience.About the Author:Jordan Perez is a human resource expert at ResumePundits.com with over 10 years experience helping HR managers and employees create better work relations. She’s also an avid freelance writer who has been published in online magazines and corporate websites. When she’s not engaged in HR developments, she loves hitting the road to see new places and spending time with her two daughters.

Business plan (entrepreneurship) Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business plan (entrepreneurship) - Thesis Example GetLaunched! offers the following propositions to its users: 1. Seamless and uncomplicated participation, with most of the technical aspects, such as compliance, ironed out by the company; 2. All-or-nothing scheme where collected money is returned to supporters if the proposal fails to achieve its goal within the given time; 3. No hidden or initial fees as the company implements a flat rate fee only on successful proposals; 4. By special arrangement, the company has access to the proponent’s account for 5 years for the sole of purpose of taking out and delivering the shares of profits of supporters, which are given in proportion to the latter’s investment. 5. Sharing of profits with supporters will be limited to 5 years and structured in such a way as not to unduly burden the proponent because the spirit of crowdfunding is not strict investment but more towards philanthropy. The Opportunity There are more than 2 billion internet users, which can be harnessed to realize the aims and goals of GetLaunched!. According to statistics, internet users number 2,095, 006,005 in 2011 up by about 480.4% from the 360,985,482 users in 2000. Facebook alone has more than 500,000 million users as of 2011 statistics. There is in every person a need for charity because it gives them self-actualization. Fundraising expert and author of â€Å"Grassroots Fundraising† Kim Klein states that every person has an urge to give because it makes them feel powerful and good-like and not merely an onlooker. GetLaunched! will tap into this need and use it to turn somebody’s life around. The gap between economic classes is widening and people on the lower social strata are getting more and more marginalized. The gap between social classes are growing bigger and bigger, and there is a need to try to level the playing field, and crowdfunding is one of the more acceptable means. Business Concept Online crowdfunding is getting popular in social networking sites, but at p resent there are only a handful operating. GetLaunched! is capitalizing on the growing popularity of crowdfunding, not only as a business endeavor, but as a means of helping people from both sides of the spectrum: for proponents to realize their dreams of materializing their business dreams, and; for supporters to channel their inner philanthropic urges. Industry Overview Crowdfunding had its origin in 1997, when American fans raised $60,000, through internet campaign, so that the British Rock band Marillion could do a US tour. French filmmakers Guillaume Colboc and Benjamin Pommeraud used the same strategy in 2004 to fund a film, raising a total of $50,000 within three weeks over the internet. Their counterparts in America Spanner Films raised ?900,000 the same way to finance a documentary film about climate change. Fig. 1 The Crowdfunding Mechanism Today, several crowdfunding societies offer themselves as platforms to raise funds for various ends - to support talent in the arts, t o market original inventions, to initiate charitable events and start small businesses. The present market has still room to grow dramatically because of the millions of internet users, which are ready to invest or donate money for causes that they can emotionally connect to. Figure 1 illustrates how crowdfunding can snowball from a small close circle of family and friends to a number of supporters that can donate and/or investments the right amount needed to launch a project. Target Market GetLaunched! targets two types of users: the proponents, and; the

Ways in which Music Copyrights are exploited Essay

Ways in which Music Copyrights are exploited - Essay Example Ways in which Music Copyrights are exploited Music began its long relationship with copyrights through the Berne Convention 1886 which established that the moral right of ownership of a property had an effect on the reproduction of a property. This was extended to film through referring to it as a series of pictures in 1911 and in the Copyright Act of 1956 and then in the UK Performers; Protection Acts 1958-1972 began to solve the problems associated with copying protected intellectual property. The Americans would not sign on to the Berne Convention 1886. However, copyright is established as a right under the Constitution which supports a general belief in the concept of ownership. All subsequent American laws are developed from this foundation of law in their Constitution. Emerging sources of income in the early 20th century in the music industry were defined by performance, mechanical, and synchronized income. Performance income is based upon the revenue that is earned through users who create a public performance of the wor k that generates benefit. Performance rights are managed through entities that hold and can allow a performance to be licensed for a fee. Mechanical income comes from users who are reproducing a piece of music through technology of some kind. When other types of media utilize a song, then synchronization income is generated (Gammons 2010: 50). The MCPS (Mechanical Copyright Protection Society) takes on the role of responsibility to administer licensed music. Through the use of a blanket license, the user is permitted use through a variety of forms of mechanical reproduction (Parker 2004: 78). The development of technologies in the 1960s created even more ways in which synchronization could be used to create multiple levels of income. While the film industry had become a well tapped resource for income as music was used liberally in movies, the television industry as it became more and more of a staple offered the music industry a

Think Global Act Local Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Think Global Act Local - Essay Example Nurses can be involved in the planning of their activities, for example, the ones that promote giving to present voluntary giving without anticipating anything in return. These are the work that most nurses do by helping others voluntarily. Nurses can also be assisted to help others develop their self-esteem by helping them value themselves. The next organization is Philadelphia FIGHT. This is an all-encompassing AIDS service agency, which provides primary care, advocacy on potential vaccines or treatments and consumer care. The main goal is to provide care to HIV/AIDS through offering a wide range of prevention, education, as well as information services such as AIDS Library, Project TEACH, Critical Path AIDS Project and the Youth Health Empowerment Project. These missions are also how its goals are being achieved and the agency can be really assisted a lot with the introduction of nurses into their program. For instance, a nurse can be brought in to assist in the Project TEACH, whi ch basically teaches people who to live after developing AIDS and also how to prevent themselves from catching the virus. The final organization is the American Association of University Women. This organization promotes equity and education for girls and women. What the organization has done to realize its mission is spreading itself into different universities in the United States and areas where education is not female education is not widespread to advocate for the education of more female adults and young ones.

Astromnomy Lab Questions Essay Example for Free

Astromnomy Lab Questions Essay 1. Why do some scientists believe that there might have been life on Mars? Some scientists believe there was life on Mars due to a number of factors. For one we know there was at one point a substantial amount of liquid water when the planet was much younger. We also know Mars’s electromagnetic field has dampened, making it more susceptible to interstellar heat and radiation, thus eliminating the life that could have existed. There are also other several factors including volcanic activity and evidence of salt oceans. 2. Why are scientists interested in whether water was or is on Mars? What do their tests and observations suggest about the possibility of water on Mars? Scientists are interested in whether water was or is on mars because this is the most direct clue to the signature of life. Scientist’s tests indicate most if not all water is frozen on Mars, but it was not in the distant past during which life could have existed. 3. Why do some scientists believe that life may not have ever existed on Mars? Some scientists believe this because they say it is too far on back in the goldilocks zone. Others note the mineral composition and lack of a strong atmosphere containing proper gas elements. 4. What may have happened to the water on Mars? The atmosphere may have been blown away over time due to the damping of its magnetic fields and thus creating frigid surface conditions freezing all liquid water. 5. What do scientists believe may have happened to leave Mars vulnerable to the solar winds? Scientists hypothesize that the degradation of Mars’s inter core which produces its electromagnetic field that protects the planet from interstellar winds and storms. 6. Do you think life existed or exists on Mars? Why or why not? Use information from the video and unit to provide support for your reasoning. Mars Up Close - your second lab link 1. Why did the scientists choose this particular location for the Spirit rover? Spirit Opportunity couldve landed almost anywhere. From orbital photos, there had been an initial list of 134 landing sites, each of which were debated on the pros and cons of landing there. Spirit was targeted to a landing site that appeared to have been affected by flowing water at some point in the Martian past.

The Assessment of Society in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels :: Gullivers Travels Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚   "In its most serious function, satire is a mediator between two perceptions-the unillusioned perception of man as he actually is, and the ideal perception, or vision, of man as he ought ot be," (Bullitt, 3). Likewise, "misanthropy" can be understood as being the product of one of two world views: 1) The Pure Cynic or Misanthropist has no faith in human nature and has given up on any notion of ideals. This type lies and manipulates as a matter of course and these are the types that tend to run the world. 2) The "Burned" or Disillusioned Idealist's misanthropy arises out of disappointment in humankind. In many ways, the second type exhibits more bile as he is constantly frustrated by what men do as opposed to what they ought to do. Jonathon Swift is the second type of misanthropist and Gulliver's Travels is arguably his greatest satiric attempt to "shame men out of their vices" (Ibid., 14) by constantly distinguishing between how man behaves and how he thinks about or just ifies his behavior in a variety of situations. Pride, in particular, is what enables man to "deceive himself into the belief that he is rational and virtuous when, in reality, he has not developed his reason, and his virtue is merely appearance," (Ibid., 66). This satire works on so many levels that a paper such as this allows me to deal with only three elements, and in a necessarily superficial way: the ways in which the structure and choice of metaphor serve Swift's purpose, a discussion of some of his most salient attacks on politics, religion, and other elements of society, and his critique on the essence and flaws of human nature. Swift's purpose was to stir his readers to view themselves as he viewed humankind, as creatures who were not fulfilling their potential to be truly great but were simply flaunting the trappings of greatness. Gulliver's Travels succeeds in this goal brilliantly. The form and structure of the whole work enhanced Swift's purpose, as did the specific metaphors in each of the four voyages. Firstly, Swift went to great pains to present Gulliver's Travels in the genuine, standard form of the popular travelogues of the time. Gulliver, the reader is told, was a seaman, first in the capacity of a ship's surgeon, then as the captain of several ships. Swift creates a realistic framework by incorporating nautical jargon, descriptive detail that is related in a "factual, ship's-log" style, and repeated claims by Gulliver, in his narrative, "to relate plain matter(s) of fact in the simplest manner and style.

Electronic Payment System

UNIT – 3 Electronic Payment System Contents †¢ What is E-payment? †¢ Types of E-payment Systems †¢ Digital Token-based Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Smart Cards & Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Credit Card-based Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Risk & Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Designing Electronic Payment System What is E-payment ? †¢ E-payment systems is the mechanism of transferring money over the Internet and technology used in this transfer is called as EFT. EFT defined as â€Å" any transfer of fund initiated through an e-terminal, telephonic instrument, or computer or magnetic tape to order, instruct or authorize a financial institution to debit or credit an account. It is mostly used for Business to business (B2B) commerce where companies doing business together tend to use electronic data interchange (EDI) system to send each other bills and notices of payment. E-Payment †¢ Information online offline $Products/services Adva ntages of E-Payment †¢ †¢ †¢ Increase payment efficiency – Reduce transaction costs – Enable trade in goods and services of very low value Increase convenience of making payments – Payment can be made swiftly and remotely using various devices Can be used for – e-commerce / e-Trade – For other purposes like paying bills, taxes, etc MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 1Categories of EFT Banking and financial payments * Large-scale or wholesale payment * Small scale or retail payment * Home banking Retailing payments * Credit cards * Debit cards On-line electronic commerce payments * Token-based payment system ~ Electronic cash ~ Electronic checks ~ Smart cards or debit cards * Credit card-based payment systems ~ Encrypted credit cards ~ Third-party authorization numbers Main factors when selecting e-payment method †¢ Availability (bank system, laws and regulations) †¢ The consideration of size and type of business, type of a target group of consumers, types of products and services. The ability to provide security against fraudulent activity †¢ Being cost effective for low value transaction fees †¢ Being protective of the privacy of the users †¢ Easy to use, and being convenient for purchasing on the web based e-business Token-based E-Payment Systems Electronic tokens are the new financial instruments which are in the form of electronic cash/money or checks.Electronic tokens are same as cash that is backed by bank. They are of three types: 1. Cash or real-time ( e-cash) 2. Debit or Prepaid (smart cards, e-purses) 3. Credit or Postpaid (credit/debit cards, e-checks) E-cash Electronic cash is a consumer-oriented electronic payment. Though it replaces the cash but still cash is quite dominant form of payment for three reasons: 1. Lack of trust in banking system 2.Inefficient clearing and settlement of non-cash transaction 3. Negativ e real interest rates paid on bank deposit Advantages of cash over credit cards †¢ It is negotiable †¢ Cash is a legal tender †¢ Cash is a bearer instrument †¢ It need require bank account to operate †¢ No risk on the part of acceptor that the medium of exchange may not be good MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 2Properties of e-cash E-cash must have following four properties: Monetary values: Interoperability Retrievability Security E-cash in Action †¢ E-cash based on cryptographic systems called â€Å"digital signature† †¢ †¢ †¢ This method involves pair of two numeric keys (very large number or integer) that work in tandem (cycle): one for encoding and another for decoding. Message encoded with one numeric key can only be decoded with other numeric key and none other. The encoding key is kept private while the decoding key is made public. E-checks †¢ E-checks are a nother form of electronic tokens. †¢ †¢ A new electronic version of paper check. E-check is an instruction to a financial institution to pay a given amount of money to the payee. It is a specially formatted email message sent over the Internet. It contains as the same information as on paper based check. Check service providers PayByCheck (http://www. paybycheck. com) CyberSource (http://cybersource. com) Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system Payer Transfer e-check Payee Deposit e-check Forward e-check for payer authentication Bank Accounting Server MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof.Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 3 Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system †¢ Buyer must register with third party account server using electronic check. †¢ On receiving the check, the seller presents it to accounting server for verification and payment. †¢ The accounting system verifies the digital signature on the check. †¢ Proper ly signed and endorsed checks can be electronically exchanged between financial institutions through electronic clearing house. Advantages of E-Check †¢ They work in the same way as traditional checks. †¢ E-checks are suited for micro payments. Eliminate the need for expensive process reengineering and taking advantage of the banking industry. †¢ Financial risk is assumed by accounting server. †¢ E-checks create a float through third-party accounting server. They make money out of buyers and sellers transaction by providing deposit account. Difference b/w EFT and E-check †¢ In E-Cheque, electronic versions of the cheque are issued, received & processed. So, payee issues an E-Cheque for each payment. †¢ In EFT transfer automatic withdrawals are made for monthly bills or other fixed payments; no cheques are issued.Smart cards †¢ A smart card is a plastic card with an embedded microchip containing information about you. †¢ A smart card can store about 100 times the amount of information that a magnetic strip plastic card can store. †¢ A smart card contains private user information, such as financial facts, private encryption keys, account information, credit card numbers, health insurance information, etc. †¢ So far not successful in U. S. , but popular in Europe, Germany, Singapore and Japan to pay for public phone call, transportation.Mondex Smart Card †¢ Holds and dispenses electronic cash (Smart-card based, stored-value card) †¢ Developed by MasterCard International †¢ Requires specific card reader, called Mondex terminal, for merchant or customer to use card over Internet †¢ Supports micropayments and works both online and off-line at stores or over the telephone †¢ Secret chip-to-chip transfer protocol †¢ Loaded through ATM – ATM does not know transfer protocol; connects with secure device at bank MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi , SOM, SIMS, Indore Mondex Smart Card Processing Mondex Smart Card †¢ Disadvantages – Card carries real cash in electronic form, creating the possibility of theft – No deferred (overdue) payment as with credit cards – cash is dispensed immediately Types of Smart cards Smart cards are basically of two types: 1. Relationship-based Smart Cards 2. Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Relationship-based Smart Cards It is the enhancement of existing card services that offer customers far better options like: 1. Access to multiple accounts (debit, credit, e-cash) on one card. 2.Offer various functions ( cash access, bill payment, balance inquiry, fund transfer) 3. Multiple access options at multiple location using multiple access device (ATM, PC, PDA or screenphone etc) Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Electronic Purses or E- wallet are the smart cards embedded with programmable microchip that store sum of money instead of cash. Once a purse is loaded with money it require card reader vending machine which verifies its authenticity . Then after amount is deducted from balance. It shows the remaining balance on the card hence eliminate the small bill in busy stores.E-wallets when depleted can be recharged with money . MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 5 Credit cards-based e-payment system Credit Cards †¢ A credit card is a small plastic card issued to users dealing in e-commerce. Most credit cards are the same shape and size, as specified by the ISO 7810 standard. †¢ A credit card is different to a debit card in that it does not remove money from the user's account after every transaction. In the case of credit cards, the issuer lends money to the consumer (or the user) to be paid to the merchant.Credit cards-based e-payment system Customers who purchase any goods send their credit card details to the service provider involved and the credit card organization will handle thi s payment. Online credit card payment has following categories: 1. Payment using plain credit card details 2. Payments using encrypted credit card details 3. Payment using third-party verification Entities involved in Credit card Transaction Consumer (Buyer or Card holder) Merchant (Seller) Card Issuer (Consumers’ Bank) Acquirer or Principal (Merchant’s Bank) Card Association (Visa, Master Card etc) Third party processor How an Online Credit Transaction WorksEncryption and Credit cards Encryption process starts when credit card information is entered into a browser and sent securely over network between buyer to seller. Encryption process includes following steps: 1. Customer presents his credit card information securely to merchant. 2. Merchant validates the authenticity of card holder 3. Merchant relays this information to its bank or on-line card processor. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 6 4. The bank r elays the information to customer’s bank for authorization approval 5.The customer’s bank returns the credit card , charge authentication and authorization to the merchant Processing Payment with Encrypted Third-party authorization and Credit cards In third party processing, consumer register with third party on the internet to verify emicrotransaction. The companies providing third party payment service on internet are: ( First Virtual) †¢ http://www. fv. com †¢ http://www. openmarket. com †¢ http://www. 2checkout. com/ †¢ http://www. paypal. com/ Payment can be made by credit card via clearing house.Online Third-Party Processor (OTPPs) has following steps for buying information online. 1. Consumer registers for an OTPP a/c that is backed by credit card. 2. To purchase customer request merchant by her OTPP account no. 3. Merchant then contact the OTPP payment server with customer’s account no. 4. OTPP payment server verifies the customerâ₠¬â„¢s account no. for vender (merchant) & checks for sufficient funds. 5. OTPP server send a message to buyer that can be responded back by buyer as ; yes/agree; No/disagree; fraud. 6.If OTPP gets ‘Yes’ from customer, merchant is informed & then customer is allowed to download material. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 7 Online Payment Processing using a Third-party Processor Risk in using Credit cards †¢ Customer uses a stolen card or account number to fraudulently purchase goods or service online. †¢ Many people who will be on the Internet have not even had their first Web experience. †¢ Hackers find the ways into an e-commerce merchant’s payment processing system and then issue credits to hacker card account numbers. Many users are also likely to be younger and have less access to credit and debit cards †¢ Many purchases they make will be micropayments. †¢ Credit cards canno t be used for large sums of B2B transactions †¢ Customer falsely claims that he or she did not receive a shipment Limitations of Online Credit Card Payment Systems †¢ Security – neither merchant nor consumer can be fully authenticated. †¢ Cost – for merchants, around 3. 5% of purchase price plus transaction fee of 2030 cents per transaction. †¢ People living in rural areas don’t have same access to computers and Internet that others do. Social equity – many people do not have access to credit cards (young and old age), disabled, individuals who are not computer savvy and individuals who cannot afford cards ( poor credit risk). Designing Electronic Payment Systems Following criteria should be satisfied while designing any new E-payment System: 1. Privacy 6. Pricing 2. Security 7. Standards 3. Intuitive Interface 4. Database Integration 5. Brokers MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Ind ore 8 Electronic Payment System UNIT – 3 Electronic Payment System Contents †¢ What is E-payment? †¢ Types of E-payment Systems †¢ Digital Token-based Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Smart Cards & Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Credit Card-based Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Risk & Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Designing Electronic Payment System What is E-payment ? †¢ E-payment systems is the mechanism of transferring money over the Internet and technology used in this transfer is called as EFT. EFT defined as â€Å" any transfer of fund initiated through an e-terminal, telephonic instrument, or computer or magnetic tape to order, instruct or authorize a financial institution to debit or credit an account. It is mostly used for Business to business (B2B) commerce where companies doing business together tend to use electronic data interchange (EDI) system to send each other bills and notices of payment. E-Payment †¢ Information online offline $Products/services Adva ntages of E-Payment †¢ †¢ †¢ Increase payment efficiency – Reduce transaction costs – Enable trade in goods and services of very low value Increase convenience of making payments – Payment can be made swiftly and remotely using various devices Can be used for – e-commerce / e-Trade – For other purposes like paying bills, taxes, etc MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 1Categories of EFT Banking and financial payments * Large-scale or wholesale payment * Small scale or retail payment * Home banking Retailing payments * Credit cards * Debit cards On-line electronic commerce payments * Token-based payment system ~ Electronic cash ~ Electronic checks ~ Smart cards or debit cards * Credit card-based payment systems ~ Encrypted credit cards ~ Third-party authorization numbers Main factors when selecting e-payment method †¢ Availability (bank system, laws and regulations) †¢ The consideration of size and type of business, type of a target group of consumers, types of products and services. The ability to provide security against fraudulent activity †¢ Being cost effective for low value transaction fees †¢ Being protective of the privacy of the users †¢ Easy to use, and being convenient for purchasing on the web based e-business Token-based E-Payment Systems Electronic tokens are the new financial instruments which are in the form of electronic cash/money or checks.Electronic tokens are same as cash that is backed by bank. They are of three types: 1. Cash or real-time ( e-cash) 2. Debit or Prepaid (smart cards, e-purses) 3. Credit or Postpaid (credit/debit cards, e-checks) E-cash Electronic cash is a consumer-oriented electronic payment. Though it replaces the cash but still cash is quite dominant form of payment for three reasons: 1. Lack of trust in banking system 2.Inefficient clearing and settlement of non-cash transaction 3. Negativ e real interest rates paid on bank deposit Advantages of cash over credit cards †¢ It is negotiable †¢ Cash is a legal tender †¢ Cash is a bearer instrument †¢ It need require bank account to operate †¢ No risk on the part of acceptor that the medium of exchange may not be good MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 2Properties of e-cash E-cash must have following four properties: Monetary values: Interoperability Retrievability Security E-cash in Action †¢ E-cash based on cryptographic systems called â€Å"digital signature† †¢ †¢ †¢ This method involves pair of two numeric keys (very large number or integer) that work in tandem (cycle): one for encoding and another for decoding. Message encoded with one numeric key can only be decoded with other numeric key and none other. The encoding key is kept private while the decoding key is made public. E-checks †¢ E-checks are a nother form of electronic tokens. †¢ †¢ A new electronic version of paper check. E-check is an instruction to a financial institution to pay a given amount of money to the payee. It is a specially formatted email message sent over the Internet. It contains as the same information as on paper based check. Check service providers PayByCheck (http://www. paybycheck. com) CyberSource (http://cybersource. com) Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system Payer Transfer e-check Payee Deposit e-check Forward e-check for payer authentication Bank Accounting Server MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof.Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 3 Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system †¢ Buyer must register with third party account server using electronic check. †¢ On receiving the check, the seller presents it to accounting server for verification and payment. †¢ The accounting system verifies the digital signature on the check. †¢ Proper ly signed and endorsed checks can be electronically exchanged between financial institutions through electronic clearing house. Advantages of E-Check †¢ They work in the same way as traditional checks. †¢ E-checks are suited for micro payments. Eliminate the need for expensive process reengineering and taking advantage of the banking industry. †¢ Financial risk is assumed by accounting server. †¢ E-checks create a float through third-party accounting server. They make money out of buyers and sellers transaction by providing deposit account. Difference b/w EFT and E-check †¢ In E-Cheque, electronic versions of the cheque are issued, received & processed. So, payee issues an E-Cheque for each payment. †¢ In EFT transfer automatic withdrawals are made for monthly bills or other fixed payments; no cheques are issued.Smart cards †¢ A smart card is a plastic card with an embedded microchip containing information about you. †¢ A smart card can store about 100 times the amount of information that a magnetic strip plastic card can store. †¢ A smart card contains private user information, such as financial facts, private encryption keys, account information, credit card numbers, health insurance information, etc. †¢ So far not successful in U. S. , but popular in Europe, Germany, Singapore and Japan to pay for public phone call, transportation.Mondex Smart Card †¢ Holds and dispenses electronic cash (Smart-card based, stored-value card) †¢ Developed by MasterCard International †¢ Requires specific card reader, called Mondex terminal, for merchant or customer to use card over Internet †¢ Supports micropayments and works both online and off-line at stores or over the telephone †¢ Secret chip-to-chip transfer protocol †¢ Loaded through ATM – ATM does not know transfer protocol; connects with secure device at bank MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi , SOM, SIMS, Indore Mondex Smart Card Processing Mondex Smart Card †¢ Disadvantages – Card carries real cash in electronic form, creating the possibility of theft – No deferred (overdue) payment as with credit cards – cash is dispensed immediately Types of Smart cards Smart cards are basically of two types: 1. Relationship-based Smart Cards 2. Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Relationship-based Smart Cards It is the enhancement of existing card services that offer customers far better options like: 1. Access to multiple accounts (debit, credit, e-cash) on one card. 2.Offer various functions ( cash access, bill payment, balance inquiry, fund transfer) 3. Multiple access options at multiple location using multiple access device (ATM, PC, PDA or screenphone etc) Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Electronic Purses or E- wallet are the smart cards embedded with programmable microchip that store sum of money instead of cash. Once a purse is loaded with money it require card reader vending machine which verifies its authenticity . Then after amount is deducted from balance. It shows the remaining balance on the card hence eliminate the small bill in busy stores.E-wallets when depleted can be recharged with money . MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 5 Credit cards-based e-payment system Credit Cards †¢ A credit card is a small plastic card issued to users dealing in e-commerce. Most credit cards are the same shape and size, as specified by the ISO 7810 standard. †¢ A credit card is different to a debit card in that it does not remove money from the user's account after every transaction. In the case of credit cards, the issuer lends money to the consumer (or the user) to be paid to the merchant.Credit cards-based e-payment system Customers who purchase any goods send their credit card details to the service provider involved and the credit card organization will handle thi s payment. Online credit card payment has following categories: 1. Payment using plain credit card details 2. Payments using encrypted credit card details 3. Payment using third-party verification Entities involved in Credit card Transaction Consumer (Buyer or Card holder) Merchant (Seller) Card Issuer (Consumers’ Bank) Acquirer or Principal (Merchant’s Bank) Card Association (Visa, Master Card etc) Third party processor How an Online Credit Transaction WorksEncryption and Credit cards Encryption process starts when credit card information is entered into a browser and sent securely over network between buyer to seller. Encryption process includes following steps: 1. Customer presents his credit card information securely to merchant. 2. Merchant validates the authenticity of card holder 3. Merchant relays this information to its bank or on-line card processor. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 6 4. The bank r elays the information to customer’s bank for authorization approval 5.The customer’s bank returns the credit card , charge authentication and authorization to the merchant Processing Payment with Encrypted Third-party authorization and Credit cards In third party processing, consumer register with third party on the internet to verify emicrotransaction. The companies providing third party payment service on internet are: ( First Virtual) †¢ http://www. fv. com †¢ http://www. openmarket. com †¢ http://www. 2checkout. com/ †¢ http://www. paypal. com/ Payment can be made by credit card via clearing house.Online Third-Party Processor (OTPPs) has following steps for buying information online. 1. Consumer registers for an OTPP a/c that is backed by credit card. 2. To purchase customer request merchant by her OTPP account no. 3. Merchant then contact the OTPP payment server with customer’s account no. 4. OTPP payment server verifies the customerâ₠¬â„¢s account no. for vender (merchant) & checks for sufficient funds. 5. OTPP server send a message to buyer that can be responded back by buyer as ; yes/agree; No/disagree; fraud. 6.If OTPP gets ‘Yes’ from customer, merchant is informed & then customer is allowed to download material. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 7 Online Payment Processing using a Third-party Processor Risk in using Credit cards †¢ Customer uses a stolen card or account number to fraudulently purchase goods or service online. †¢ Many people who will be on the Internet have not even had their first Web experience. †¢ Hackers find the ways into an e-commerce merchant’s payment processing system and then issue credits to hacker card account numbers. Many users are also likely to be younger and have less access to credit and debit cards †¢ Many purchases they make will be micropayments. †¢ Credit cards canno t be used for large sums of B2B transactions †¢ Customer falsely claims that he or she did not receive a shipment Limitations of Online Credit Card Payment Systems †¢ Security – neither merchant nor consumer can be fully authenticated. †¢ Cost – for merchants, around 3. 5% of purchase price plus transaction fee of 2030 cents per transaction. †¢ People living in rural areas don’t have same access to computers and Internet that others do. Social equity – many people do not have access to credit cards (young and old age), disabled, individuals who are not computer savvy and individuals who cannot afford cards ( poor credit risk). Designing Electronic Payment Systems Following criteria should be satisfied while designing any new E-payment System: 1. Privacy 6. Pricing 2. Security 7. Standards 3. Intuitive Interface 4. Database Integration 5. Brokers MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Ind ore 8