Wednesday, November 27, 2019
Free Essays on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
The Origins of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy was devised in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Albert Ellis, Ph.D. in New York and by Aaron Beck, M.D. in Philadelphia. Although they worked independently of each other, both Ellis and Beck had grown dissatisfied with the traditional Freudian psychoanalytic therapies. Though both of these men trained with Freud, they believed that peoples’ conscious beliefs and thought processes were very important in understanding how people became depressed, anxious, or disturbed. Freudian psychoanalytic theory, on the other hand, tended to de-emphasize conscious thought. By the late 1950s, advances in behavioral science and experimental psychology had raised questions of the main assumptions of psychoanalysis, and new theories of the human mind were being introduced. â€Å"There are actually several kinds of Cognitive-Behavioral therapies (spelled behavioural in British English), employing the same general premise: in contrast to the psychodynamic emphasis on insight into unconscious motivation, the cognitive-behavioral therapies emphasize the ability of people to make changes in their lives without having to understand why the change occurs.†(Richmond, 2001) The Theory behind Cognitive Behavior Therapy By 1962, research into human emotion found that people’s thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions regarding events were important in guiding emotional experience (Carson, B.M. 2000). For example, important research showed that people labeled their physiological arousal according to the environmental situation they perceived. Experiments demonstrated that the physical effects of adrenaline could be labeled as fear, anger, or giddiness, depending on the person’s assumptions and thoughts about their situation. Because people's thoughts had such powerful effects on their emotional experience and emotional behavior, scientists were forced to devise new theories to account for th... Free Essays on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Free Essays on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy The Origins of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy was devised in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Albert Ellis, Ph.D. in New York and by Aaron Beck, M.D. in Philadelphia. Although they worked independently of each other, both Ellis and Beck had grown dissatisfied with the traditional Freudian psychoanalytic therapies. Though both of these men trained with Freud, they believed that peoples’ conscious beliefs and thought processes were very important in understanding how people became depressed, anxious, or disturbed. Freudian psychoanalytic theory, on the other hand, tended to de-emphasize conscious thought. By the late 1950s, advances in behavioral science and experimental psychology had raised questions of the main assumptions of psychoanalysis, and new theories of the human mind were being introduced. â€Å"There are actually several kinds of Cognitive-Behavioral therapies (spelled behavioural in British English), employing the same general premise: in contrast to the psychodynamic emphasis on insight into unconscious motivation, the cognitive-behavioral therapies emphasize the ability of people to make changes in their lives without having to understand why the change occurs.†(Richmond, 2001) The Theory behind Cognitive Behavior Therapy By 1962, research into human emotion found that people’s thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions regarding events were important in guiding emotional experience (Carson, B.M. 2000). For example, important research showed that people labeled their physiological arousal according to the environmental situation they perceived. Experiments demonstrated that the physical effects of adrenaline could be labeled as fear, anger, or giddiness, depending on the person’s assumptions and thoughts about their situation. Because people's thoughts had such powerful effects on their emotional experience and emotional behavior, scientists were forced to devise new theories to account for th...
Saturday, November 23, 2019
Civil Rights vs. Anti-Apartheid essays
Civil Rights vs. Anti-Apartheid essays One definition of equality states that it is an agreement in value, rank, properties, and rights. As simple as this concept might seem to those who have grown up in a world where equality is a standard of living, it has not always been that easy for certain races, mainly Africans. Dating back as far as four hundred years ago when blacks came to America as slaves, this race has endured an ongoing struggle for freedom in a white man's world. The motivation for this race to fight back first came in America during the late eighteen hundred's when the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments were added to the Constitution during the Reconstruction Era. These Amendments were the first sign of hope that African Americans would receive justice and be recognized as a legitimate and equal race. Africans not only endured struggles in America, ironically, they faced the same issues in their native country, South Africa. White supremacy and segregation had been accepted in South Af rica prior to 1948, but apartheid was officially added to the South African government after the Afrikaner Nationalist party took office. The purpose of apartheid was to separate all races from each other. This government stated that the "whites, as the civilized race, were entitled to have absolute control over the state." Africans in both of these counties fought back against all odds to gain the respect that they deserved through both the Civil Rights Movement and the Anti-Apartheid Movement. ...
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Intro to religious studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Intro to religious studies - Essay Example He gave himself the biggest position within his new found movement labeling himself; Pastor, Reverend, Prophet and Founder. His strict leadership style and disciplinary record set him apart from those who aspired to head the movement after his death in Nigeria, 1985 (Adogame). Celestial Church of Christ has continued to develop since the death of its founder Oshoffa. His death created an avenue for severe setbacks relating to the issues of succession especially after the demise of his successor Alexander Obiodun Adebayor Bada in 8th September 2000. Philip Honsu Ajose succeeded Bada, but a dispute came up after his death in March 2001. Son of Oshoffa, Reverend Emmanuel Oshoffa was caught up in a dispute with Gilbert Oluwatosin Jesse over succession. Jesse later passed away, and his faction supported Paul Suru Maforikan as their spiritual leader. Celestial Church of Christ was formally recognized and authorized in the year 1965 in Dahomey (now known as Benin). The movement recruited many followers in 1976 after kick-starting an evangelistic campaign in areas of French West Africa. CCC has embraced the use of technology, importantly the internet enabling them to be constantly in contact with their African-Diaspora branches. They have successfully linked Nige ria where the movement is most popular with countries such as France, Germany, United Kingdom, Austria, and the USA (Adogame). The Olowun religion is mainly found in the central parts of Africa among small groups of the society mainly found in the deep forests of Central Africa, the founder is unknown since Olowun does not have sacred texts. It is quite similar to most religions that surround this area mainly the West-Africa vodun. Worshippers of the Olowun religion carry out ancestral worship and believe that spirits of those who passed away live among us. These spirits are referred to as washins, and
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Episcopal and Presbyterian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Episcopal and Presbyterian - Essay Example Furthermore, we find women not allowed for teachers, and yet allowed to speak in the church as prophets: now, these being debarred speaking in their natural capacity, because teaching implies an act of authority, that privilege being reserved to the men, shews they had a right to it in the Christian church without prophetical inspiration, otherwise there was nothing at all in this case debarred to the woman. Moreover, the general directions given by the Spirit, in the Epistles to Timothy and Titus, concerning the appointment of bishops and deacons, elders or ministers, running all upon moral qualifications, the common Graces of the Spirit, and good instruction in the Scripture, did, then, as well as for ages succeeding, lay a foundation for the ministry of teaching without the special gift of prophesying. An appropriate Catholic response would appear to include the following elements, which flow from a fundamental belief in the dignity of each individual human being and the imperative to seek the universal common good in solidarity with the poorest, the weakest, the oppressed and the marginalized: * a recognition of the reality of sin and evil in the world and the duty of Christians to resist evils such as oppression, social and economic injustices, and genocide; * actively to seek to address the causes of grievances and conflicts in social, economic, and political inequalities which fail to treat every person and nation with appropriate dignity and respect; * the establishment of appropriate international institutions for the reconciliation of differences, with legitimacy and the authority to enforce compliance; * a recognition that an option for non-violence is as important an imperative for Christians as the option for the poor; * focus more than previously on alternatives to war, the need to promote social justice as an integral element in the following of Jesus, to fund peace education programs, and so forth; * the promotion of agreed and internationally regulated arms reduction; * in so far as armed responses to evils such as genocide are necessary, they should conform to the principles of the just war, and particularly proportionality and discrimination; * the need for this to be undertaken speedily and effectively by reformed international institutions with legitimacy and powers of enforcement; * the creation of a strong international civil society with a commitment to human dignity and rights; and * the promotion o
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Case study snyder v phelps Essay Example for Free
Case study snyder v phelps Essay Snyder v. Phelps (2011) Fred Phelps, the pastor at the Westboro Church, along with his followers believes that God punishes the US for allowing homosexuality freedoms, especially within the military. To express their feelings the Westboro Church and its people sometimes picket military funerals in hopes that their voices will be heard. In 2006 Albert Snyders son who was a Lance Corporal for the United States Marine Corps was killed in the line of the duty during his time in Iraq. Matthew Snyder was killed in Anbar, Iraq when he was the gunner on a Humvee that ended up rolling after hitting something. The Westboro Church decided that they would picket Matthew Snyders funeral, notifying the sanction holding the funeral in advance what they planned on doing. When the Westboro Church and its followers arrived to picket this funeral they made sure to stage the picket on public land that was adjacent to a public street. Making sure that they didnt violate any written laws they also made sure to abide by anything that was appointed to them by the police taking care of the funeral. The Church members stood outside this church during the funeral reciting different hymns and verses from the Bible. Albert Snyder wasnt aware of what the signs said until after the whole funeral took place, claiming that he could really only see the tops and couldnt make out what they actually said. Following the funeral, Snyder noticed on the news that the signs some gruesome stuff such as, God Hates the USAI Thank God for 9/1 1, Thank God for Dead Soldiers, and Dont Pray for the USA. Snyder decided that he would then sue Fred Phelps, claiming that the picketing aused him and his family severe emotional distress. In his defense, Phelps argued that everything that took place that day was completely legal under the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution. The main issue that this case faced legally, was whether Westboros signs and comments while picketing Matthew Snyders funeral related to matters of public concern and in turn, decide whether there is too much protection under the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment. The Supreme Court made it clear that they were only going to determine this ruling ased on matters of public concern as opposed to matters of purely private significance. The Supreme Court affirmed that the picketing amounted to speech on issues that are public; they felt as if one of the main things that the First Amendment covers is the right to picket based upon public issues. The Court felt as if although the signs that were used may fall short of refined social or political commentary, the issues they highlight the political and moral conduct of th e United States and its citizens, the fate of our Nation, homosexuality in the military, and scandals involving he Catholic clergy are all matters of public import. Albert Snyder realized all of the protection under the First Amendment but he claimed in rebuttal that that picketing was intended to shape an attack on Snyder over a rather private matter. Although the Supreme Court realized that Snyder had a strong claim at the time because of the circumstances that were evident, at the same time they must also hold to the law which noted that Maryland did not have a law imposing any types of restrictions on standpoint, the Supreme Court decided that Fred Phelps and his followers were in all f their legal rights to picket that funeral. The Court expressed their acknowledgment of the picketing of a US Soldiers funeral and the idea that many Americans would feel as if the Westboro Church was morally defective, but it rejected those factors as means for any type of lawsuit that could be tendered to the church. Though a Jury ended up awarding the family of Lance Corporal Matthew Snyder millions of dollars, the US Supreme Court upheld the circuit courts dismissal of the verdict over unruly circumstances. Freedom of speech is something that is considered one of the reatest things available by both sides of the political lanes. Both Conservatives and Liberals strongly believe in freedom of speech, but it is Liberals that are more likely to take the realm of expressing themselves publically. Liberals take pride in the idea of the political left, which basically outlines their devotion to Americas First Amendment the right to free speech. Although it is usually Liberals that we see voicing their opinion publically, the Westboro Church is overall a Conservative group because of what they stand for. Most people including the media portray and roclaim that the Westboro Church is a Liberal party but when you dig deeper you start to notice that isnt really the case. The Westboro Church has many things in common with those that claim to be Conservative; both are against marriage equality, both are for the replacement of constitutional government with religious dogma of their particular form of Christianity, both are for the reduction of the rights of minorities and women, and both are for getting rid of reproductive rights and family planning. The case of Snyder v. Phelps places before us a choice where we ust decide between the ethical values of basic respect versus the legal right of the First Amendment, freedom of speech. From an ethical perspective, it is easy to decide this case based upon the ideas that we adopted over time that all in all became a social norm. The ethical value of respect at a funeral will easily make someone choose the side of Snyders in this case Just because over time we have established that funerals are meant to mourn and to pay respect to not only the fallen but also the family of that person. Although it may be interpreted that the reason that the Westboro Church chose to take action the way that they did was because it was necessary to get their point across, ethically it is frowned upon because of how we know funerals are supposed to take place. The Westboro Church had many options to establish the point that they were trying to get across such as the newspaper, TV, or the radio, but instead they chose to do it at a US Marines funeral which ended up working in their favor gaining them national recognition. Potter Stewart, a once US Justice wrote with regards to Ethics that, Ethics is knowing the difference between hat you have a right to do and what is right to do. This quote explains the complete ethical aspect of this case because it describes how legally, the Westboro Church had every right to do what they did that day but ethically they were in the wrong intruding on the privacy of a grieving family at a funeral service less than 300 feet away. While the Justices made it clear that they understood where Albert Snyder and his family were coming from, they also stood firm with the idea that the Westboro Church was practicing the First Amendment which allows the freedom of speech to he public. One of the Justices following the court case described the entire case as powerful. It can stir people to action, move them to tears of both Joy and sorrow, and as it did here inflict great pain. On the facts before us, we cannot react to that pain by punishing the speaker. As a nation we have chosen a different course to protect even hurtful speech on public issues to ensure that we do not stifle public debate. The problem that is now faced upon America after the ruling that the Westboro Church did nothing wrong is, how much is too much in regards to a few igns becoming too many? Would enough signs have changed the nature of the content of Westboros message towards the Snyder family? The effect of this case on the public is something that isnt necessarily brought up but it is evident in many places because you have to realize that the public mainly sees this as a case of a family being stripped of what they believe should be a quiet and peaceful funeral. With the ruling ending the way it does it has the public wondering how far the First Amendment freedom of speech can really get you and the fine print behind our US Constitution. Overall, the US Supreme Court case touches many aspects whether it is ethically, legally, politically, or socially. It is hard for most ethically driven people to accept the fact that the Westboro Church not only got no penalty for what they did at Matthew Snyders funeral, but they also received no further details about stopping the picketing of funerals. In regards to legal aspects, this case set in stone that the First Amendment freedom of speech allows for not only speech that is accepted ethically but any type of speech that strays away from a personal attack. In most of he publics opinion the Westboro Church was in the wrong that day for not allowing a grieving family time to privately mourn the loss of a family member but although what they did was frowned upon they stayed within their legal rights which forces the court to drop their case. Although Albert Snyder lost this case his family was awarded millions of dollars and they also received support of the majority of the public against the Westboro Church and their actions not only that day, but in the future. Snyder left the courtroom after the ruling with not complete satisfaction but rust that his point was spread across America which was to notify them of what the Westboro Church does and what they caused not only himself, but his family.
Friday, November 15, 2019
History Kennedy :: essays research papers
I. Kennedy and The Cold War      A.The Election of 1960- As President Eisenhower's 2nd term drew to a close, a mood of restlessness arose among voters.           1.Kennedy and The Canidate-Kennedy intered the race with a well-organized campain, the backing of his large family, and a handsome look and charisma that appealed to voters.           2.Televised Debate- a milestone of the campain was the 1st televised debate ever between presidental canididates.           3.Kennedy and the King-Hearing of King's arrest, Kennedy called King's wife.      B.Crisis of Cuba-The 1st test of Kennedy's foreign policy came 90 miles off the coast of Florida.           1.The Cuban Dilemma-Castrode to power on the promise of democracy.           2.The Bay of Pigs-1960, President Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train hundreds of Cuban exiles.           3.Cuban Missile Crisis-Castro had a powerful ally in Moscow - Soviet premier Nikita Kruskchev.      C.Tragedy 'n Dallas-No one could presee that a terrible national tradegy lay just ahead.           1.Four Days in November-Kennedy was shot in the head.           2.Unanswered Questions-The Warren Commision concluded that Kennedy had been shot by Oswald. II.The Great Society      A.LBJ's Path to Power-His ambition and dive had become legendary.           1.From Texas Hills to Cap. Hill-LBJ grew up in Texas.           B.Joshson's Domestic Agenda-Americans began to solve national problems.           1.War On Poverty-August 1964, Congress enacted the economic oppertunity act           2.1964 Election-LBJ won by a lanslide.      C.Building The Great Society-In May 1964, Johnson had summed up the grand vision for america in a phase.           1.Landmark Legislation-Johnson considered education the key to success. III.The Continuing Cold War      A.The Election of 1945- As President Eisenhower's 2nd term drew to a close, a mood of restlessness arose among voters.           1.Kennedy and The Canidate-Kennedy intered the race with a well-organized campain, the backing of his large family, and a handsome look and charisma that appealed to voters.           2.Televised Debate- a milestone of the campain was the 1st televised debate ever between presidental canididates.           3.Kennedy and the King-Hearing of King's arrest, Kennedy called King's wife.      B.Crisis of Cuba-The 1st test of Kennedy's foreign policy came 90 miles off the coast of Florida.           1.The Cuban Dilemma-Castrode to power on the promise of democracy.           2.The Bay of Pigs-1960, President Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train hundreds of Cuban exiles.           3.Cuban Missile Crisis-Castro had a powerful ally in Moscow - Soviet premier Nikita Kruskchev.      C.Tragedy 'n Dallas-No one could presee that a terrible national tradegy lay just ahead.           1.Four Days in November-Kennedy was shot in the head.           2.Unanswered Questions-The Warren Commision concluded that Kennedy had been shot by Oswald. IV. The New Frontier      A.The Camelot Years- President JFK's inauguration set the tone for life a new era.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Fundamental Problems with the Catholic Church in 15th Century and How Martin Luther Faced Them
Question: What was Luther’s fundamental religious problem with the Catholic Church? Trace the development of this problem and why Luther solved it. Among the many problems Luther pointed out in the Catholic Church in his 95 theses, the one he had the most problem with was the issue of salvation and the selling of indulgencies. At the time, the doctrine of the church stated that those who did not receive a baptism would spend time in purgatory for their sins. The Church said that acceptance of Jesus took away the blame of the sin but did not clear the sins completely because of the fact that the people were sinners. This was significant because the church was selling indulgences. The Catholic Church once sold indulgences to people who would fight in the Holy Wars to be forgiven of their sins. However, this time, the Church sold indulgences to followers at a certain price so that buyers would be forgiven of past and future sins. According to Luther, this was nowhere to be found in the Holy Bible. Luther preached self morals and on the acceptance of Jesus and complete obedience as the true way to reach heaven as stated in the Bible. This influx of indulgence buying and selling by the people around Luther irritated him to no end. In his sermons he emphasized the true scriptures in the Bible and not doctrine according to the so called â€Å"Holy Church†. The Catholic Church was selling indulgences in an effort to raise money for St. Peters Basilica, which was under construction in the Vatican during this period. It would be a very costly project and therefore the Church needed a means to pay for it and their answer was to sell indulgences at a monetary price. This infuriated Luther because it advocated that people could literally buy their way into heaven without truly accepting Jesus as it states in the Bible. A man by the name of Johann Tetzel was selling the indulgences in Germany at Luther’s time and Luther pleaded to his followers not to buy them but to simply read the scriptures and accept Jesus. The sale of indulgences greatly upset Luther because he felt certain that people were eternally damning themselves by relying on the indulgences instead of the scripture. This drove Luther to write his 95 theses which blasted the Catholic Church from a variety of angles on its policies and the controversies surrounding the Church. Some of these included the sale of indulgences, the flaws and errors in the Church’s doctrine, and in some cases the ignorance by some members of the clergy to even read the scripture. In one case, Luther even inquired as to why the Pope insisted on paying for St. Peters Basilica through the poor people’s money instead of taking money out of his own pocket to pay for the new Church. Luther then nailed this list to a Church door in Germany, as was the tradition, on the day after Halloween. At first, Pope Leo X did not take Luther seriously calling him â€Å"a drunk friar†, however when Luther’s 95 theses began to spread around Germany like wild fire with the help of Gutenberg’s printing press the Church took notice. The 95 theses gained sympathy in Europe because many rulers were sick of the power over the Church over their provinces and used this as an excuse to break away from Catholic Church. Because of this, many new Protestant religions, such as antibaptism and Calvinism, began popping up as more people began to speak out against the church. The church’s own personal attempt to reform was largely unsuccessful and it simply pushed more converts in to Protestantism. At the Edict of Worms where Luther stood trial for heresy, Luther plead his case to the Church. The Church’s verdict however was that one man who has different views than the thousands of clergy men before Luther must be wrong. Luther was to be taken into custody, his books burned, and delivered to the Emperor. Luther, however, was able to escape and hid for brief period before he returned to Wittenberg to build a new Church. The Catholic Church’s unwillingness to reform and it’s continuance of its programs set the stage for the rest of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. Although Luther’s true intentions can only be speculated, most historians believe that at the Reformation’s onset he had not intended to break from the Catholic Church. In this area, he failed. He was not able to simply reform the Church from the inside and clean up its practices. Thus, Luther’s solution to this problem was unfortunately to split from the church along with millions of others and to change the Catholic Church forever.
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